Sombra is simple Raytracer written in pure Python.

Hernaldo Jesus Henriquez Nuñez

Last update: Jul 16, 2022

Related tags

Image Processing python rendering computer-graphics renderer raytracer raytracing pathtracer

Overview

Sombra

Sombra is simple Raytracer written in pure Python. It's main purpose is to help understand how raytracing works with a clean code. If you are looking for an efficient Raytracer you should probably use something like C++. The equations used are taken from the Image Synthesis class at Texas A&M University taught by professor Ergun Akleman.

The main program creates a raytraced image of a scene with simple objects like spheres and planes. It's using a resolution of 280x192px by default and random jitter anti-aliasing with 4 samples per axis.

Usage

Install all dependencies by running python -m pip install -r requirements.txt
Run python -u main.py or python -u main.py -d to use debug mode which will not use Anti-Aliasing (-u is for displaying print messages in the console)
The output image will be stored in the project folder

Features

Sphere, Plane and Triangle objects
Diffuse, Specular and Border shaders
Area, Directional, Point and Spot lights
Change Field of View of camera by changing d (distance) and scale x and y parameters
Anti-Aliasing using Random Jitter
Reflection by setting Ks value to materials
Image textures
Normal Maps
Environment Sphere Map
Animation by running a physics simulation of a moving sphere

Documentation

You can see the documentation in the wiki

Testing

To run the tests use unittest in this way python -m unittest -v tests. This will run every test in the "tests" module, if you add new tests make sure to import them into the "__init__.py" file of the "tests" folder.

Dependencies

You will need to install

Python (3 and 2.7 are supported)

And external Python modules

numpy
pillow
progress

You can install the required python modules by running: python -m pip install -r requirements.txt or installing them individually: python -m pip install numpy pillow progress

Developed by Jesús Henríquez

Comments

chore(deps): bump pillow from 8.2.0 to 8.3.2
Bumps pillow from 8.2.0 to 8.3.2.

Release notes

Sourced from pillow's releases.

8.3.2

https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/releasenotes/8.3.2.html

Security

CVE-2021-23437 Raise ValueError if color specifier is too long [hugovk, radarhere]

Fix 6-byte OOB read in FliDecode [wiredfool]

Python 3.10 wheels

Add support for Python 3.10 #5569, #5570 [hugovk, radarhere]

Fixed regressions

Ensure TIFF RowsPerStrip is multiple of 8 for JPEG compression #5588 [kmilos, radarhere]

Updates for ImagePalette channel order #5599 [radarhere]

Hide FriBiDi shim symbols to avoid conflict with real FriBiDi library #5651 [nulano]

8.3.1

https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/releasenotes/8.3.1.html

Changes

Catch OSError when checking if fp is sys.stdout #5585 [@radarhere]

Handle removing orientation from alternate types of EXIF data #5584 [@radarhere]

Make Image.array take optional dtype argument #5572 [@t-vi]

8.3.0

https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/releasenotes/8.3.0.html

Changes

Use snprintf instead of sprintf #5567 [@radarhere]

Limit TIFF strip size when saving with LibTIFF #5514 [@kmilos]

Allow ICNS save on all operating systems #4526 [@newpanjing]

De-zigzag JPEG's DQT when loading; deprecate convert_dict_qtables #4989 [@gofr]

Do not use background or transparency index for new color #5564 [@radarhere]

Simplified code #5315 [@radarhere]

Replaced xml.etree.ElementTree #5565 [@radarhere]

... (truncated)

Changelog

Sourced from pillow's changelog.

8.3.2 (2021-09-02)

CVE-2021-23437 Raise ValueError if color specifier is too long [hugovk, radarhere]

Fix 6-byte OOB read in FliDecode [wiredfool]

Add support for Python 3.10 #5569, #5570 [hugovk, radarhere]

Ensure TIFF RowsPerStrip is multiple of 8 for JPEG compression #5588 [kmilos, radarhere]

Updates for ImagePalette channel order #5599 [radarhere]

Hide FriBiDi shim symbols to avoid conflict with real FriBiDi library #5651 [nulano]

8.3.1 (2021-07-06)

Catch OSError when checking if fp is sys.stdout #5585 [radarhere]

Handle removing orientation from alternate types of EXIF data #5584 [radarhere]

Make Image.array take optional dtype argument #5572 [t-vi, radarhere]

8.3.0 (2021-07-01)

Use snprintf instead of sprintf. CVE-2021-34552 #5567 [radarhere]

Limit TIFF strip size when saving with LibTIFF #5514 [kmilos]

Allow ICNS save on all operating systems #4526 [baletu, radarhere, newpanjing, hugovk]

De-zigzag JPEG's DQT when loading; deprecate convert_dict_qtables #4989 [gofr, radarhere]

Replaced xml.etree.ElementTree #5565 [radarhere]

... (truncated)

Commits

8013f13 8.3.2 version bump

23c7ca8 Update CHANGES.rst

8450366 Update release notes

a0afe89 Update test case

9e08eb8 Raise ValueError if color specifier is too long

bd5cf7d FLI tests for Oss-fuzz crash.

94a0cf1 Fix 6-byte OOB read in FliDecode

cece64f Add 8.3.2 (2021-09-02) [CI skip]

e422386 Add release notes for Pillow 8.3.2

08dcbb8 Pillow 8.3.2 supports Python 3.10 [ci skip]

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dependencies
opened by dependabot[bot] 0
chore(deps): bump pillow from 8.1.1 to 8.2.0
Bumps pillow from 8.1.1 to 8.2.0.

Release notes

Sourced from pillow's releases.

8.2.0

https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/releasenotes/8.2.0.html

Changes

Security fixes for 8.2.0 #5377 [@hugovk]

Move getxmp() to JpegImageFile #5376 [@radarhere]

Added getxmp() method #5144 [@UrielMaD]

Compile LibTIFF with CMake on Windows #5359 [@nulano]

Add ImageShow support for GraphicsMagick #5349 [@latosha-maltba]

Tiff crash fixes in TiffDecode.c #5372 [@wiredfool]

Remove redundant check (addition to #5364) #5366 [@kkopachev]

Do not load transparent pixels from subsequent GIF frames #5333 [@radarhere]

Use LZW encoding when saving GIF images #5291 [@raygard]

Set all transparent colors to be equal in quantize() #5282 [@radarhere]

Allow PixelAccess to use Python int when parsing x and y #5206 [@radarhere]

Removed Image._MODEINFO #5316 [@radarhere]

Add preserve_tone option to autocontrast #5350 [@elejke]

Only import numpy when necessary #5323 [@radarhere]

Fixed linear_gradient and radial_gradient I and F modes #5274 [@radarhere]

Add support for reading TIFFs with PlanarConfiguration=2 #5364 [@wiredfool]

More OSS-Fuzz support #5328 [@wiredfool]

Do not premultiply alpha when resizing with Image.NEAREST resampling #5304 [@nulano]

Use quantization method attributes #5353 [@radarhere]

Dynamically link FriBiDi instead of Raqm #5062 [@nulano]

Removed build_distance_tables return value #5363 [@radarhere]

Allow fewer PNG palette entries than the bit depth maximum when saving #5330 [@radarhere]

Use duration from info dictionary when saving WebP #5338 [@radarhere]

Improved efficiency when creating GIF disposal images #5326 [@radarhere]

Stop flattening EXIF IFD into getexif() #4947 [@radarhere]

Replaced tiff_deflate with tiff_adobe_deflate compression when saving TIFF images #5343 [@radarhere]

Save ICC profile from TIFF encoderinfo #5321 [@radarhere]

Moved RGB fix inside ImageQt class #5268 [@radarhere]

Fix -Wformat error in TiffDecode #5305 [@lukegb]

Allow alpha_composite destination to be negative #5313 [@radarhere]

Ensure file is closed if it is opened by ImageQt.ImageQt #5260 [@radarhere]

Added ImageDraw rounded_rectangle method #5208 [@radarhere]

Added IPythonViewer #5289 [@radarhere]

Only draw each rectangle outline pixel once #5183 [@radarhere]

Use mmap instead of built-in Win32 mapper #5224 [@radarhere]

Handle PCX images with an odd stride #5214 [@radarhere]

Only read different sizes for "Large Thumbnail" MPO frames #5168 [@radarhere]

Dependencies

Updated harfbuzz to 2.8.0 #5334 [@radarhere]

Deprecations

... (truncated)

Changelog

Sourced from pillow's changelog.

8.2.0 (2021-04-01)

Added getxmp() method #5144 [UrielMaD, radarhere]

Add ImageShow support for GraphicsMagick #5349 [latosha-maltba, radarhere]

Do not load transparent pixels from subsequent GIF frames #5333 [zewt, radarhere]

Use LZW encoding when saving GIF images #5291 [raygard]

Set all transparent colors to be equal in quantize() #5282 [radarhere]

Allow PixelAccess to use Python int when parsing x and y #5206 [radarhere]

Removed Image._MODEINFO #5316 [radarhere]

Add preserve_tone option to autocontrast #5350 [elejke, radarhere]

Fixed linear_gradient and radial_gradient I and F modes #5274 [radarhere]

Add support for reading TIFFs with PlanarConfiguration=2 #5364 [kkopachev, wiredfool, nulano]

Deprecated categories #5351 [radarhere]

Do not premultiply alpha when resizing with Image.NEAREST resampling #5304 [nulano]

Dynamically link FriBiDi instead of Raqm #5062 [nulano]

Allow fewer PNG palette entries than the bit depth maximum when saving #5330 [radarhere]

Use duration from info dictionary when saving WebP #5338 [radarhere]

Stop flattening EXIF IFD into getexif() #4947 [radarhere, kkopachev]

... (truncated)

Commits

e0e353c 8.2.0 version bump

ee635be Merge pull request #5377 from hugovk/security-and-release-notes

694c84f Fix typo [ci skip]

8febdad Review, typos and lint

fea4196 Reorder, roughly alphabetic

496245a Fix BLP DOS -- CVE-2021-28678

22e9bee Fix DOS in PSDImagePlugin -- CVE-2021-28675

ba65f0b Fix Memory DOS in ImageFont

bb6c11f Fix FLI DOS -- CVE-2021-28676

5a5e6db Fix EPS DOS on _open -- CVE-2021-28677

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dependencies
opened by dependabot[bot] 0
chore(deps): bump pillow from 7.1.2 to 8.1.1
Bumps pillow from 7.1.2 to 8.1.1.

Release notes

Sourced from pillow's releases.

8.1.1

https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/releasenotes/8.1.1.html

8.1.0

https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/releasenotes/8.1.0.html

Changes

Fix TIFF OOB Write error #5175 [@radarhere]

Fix for Buffer Read Overrun in PCX Decoding #5174 [@radarhere]

Fix for SGI Decode buffer overrun #5173 [@radarhere]

Fix OOB Read when saving GIF of xsize=1 #5149 [@wiredfool]

Add support for PySide6 #5161 [@hugovk]

Moved QApplication into one test #5167 [@radarhere]

Use disposal settings from previous frame in APNG #5126 [@radarhere]

Revert "skip wheels on 3.10-dev due to wheel#354" #5163 [@radarhere]

Better _binary module use #5156 [@radarhere]

Added exception explaining that repr_png saves to PNG #5139 [@radarhere]

Use previous disposal method in GIF load_end #5125 [@radarhere]

Do not catch a ValueError only to raise another #5090 [@radarhere]

Allow putpalette to accept 1024 integers to include alpha values #5089 [@radarhere]

Fix OOB Read when writing TIFF with custom Metadata #5148 [@wiredfool]

Removed unused variable #5140 [@radarhere]

Fix dereferencing of potential null pointers #5111 [@cgohlke]

Fixed warnings assigning to "unsigned char *" from "char *" #5127 [@radarhere]

Add append_images support for ICO #4568 [@ziplantil]

Fixed comparison warnings #5122 [@radarhere]

Block TIFFTAG_SUBIFD #5120 [@radarhere]

Fix dereferencing potential null pointer #5108 [@cgohlke]

Replaced PyErr_NoMemory with ImagingError_MemoryError #5113 [@radarhere]

Remove duplicate code #5109 [@cgohlke]

Moved warning to end of execution #4965 [@radarhere]

Removed unused fromstring and tostring C methods #5026 [@radarhere]

init() if one of the formats is unrecognised #5037 [@radarhere]

Dependencies

Updated libtiff to 4.2.0 #5153 [@radarhere]

Updated openjpeg to 2.4.0 #5151 [@radarhere]

Updated harfbuzz to 2.7.4 #5138 [@radarhere]

Updated harfbuzz to 2.7.3 #5128 [@radarhere]

Updated libraqm to 0.7.1 #5070 [@radarhere]

Updated libimagequant to 2.13.1 #5065 [@radarhere]

Update FriBiDi to 1.0.10 #5064 [@nulano]

Updated libraqm to 0.7.1 #5063 [@radarhere]

Updated libjpeg-turbo to 2.0.6 #5044 [@radarhere]

Deprecations

... (truncated)

Changelog

Sourced from pillow's changelog.

8.1.1 (2021-03-01)

Use more specific regex chars to prevent ReDoS. CVE-2021-25292 [hugovk]

Fix OOB Read in TiffDecode.c, and check the tile validity before reading. CVE-2021-25291 [wiredfool]

Fix negative size read in TiffDecode.c. CVE-2021-25290 [wiredfool]

Fix OOB read in SgiRleDecode.c. CVE-2021-25293 [wiredfool]

Incorrect error code checking in TiffDecode.c. CVE-2021-25289 [wiredfool]

PyModule_AddObject fix for Python 3.10 #5194 [radarhere]

8.1.0 (2021-01-02)

Fix TIFF OOB Write error. CVE-2020-35654 #5175 [wiredfool]

Fix for Read Overflow in PCX Decoding. CVE-2020-35653 #5174 [wiredfool, radarhere]

Fix for SGI Decode buffer overrun. CVE-2020-35655 #5173 [wiredfool, radarhere]

Fix OOB Read when saving GIF of xsize=1 #5149 [wiredfool]

Makefile updates #5159 [wiredfool, radarhere]

Add support for PySide6 #5161 [hugovk]

Use disposal settings from previous frame in APNG #5126 [radarhere]

Added exception explaining that repr_png saves to PNG #5139 [radarhere]

Use previous disposal method in GIF load_end #5125 [radarhere]

... (truncated)

Commits

741d874 8.1.1 version bump

179cd1c Added 8.1.1 release notes to index

7d29665 Update CHANGES.rst [ci skip]

d25036f Credits

973a4c3 Release notes for 8.1.1

521dab9 Use more specific regex chars to prevent ReDoS

8b8076b Fix for CVE-2021-25291

e25be1e Fix negative size read in TiffDecode.c

f891baa Fix OOB read in SgiRleDecode.c

cbfdde7 Incorrect error code checking in TiffDecode.c

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dependencies
opened by dependabot[bot] 0

Releases(v0.9.1)

v0.9.1(Oct 18, 2021)

Optimization of rendering using multiprocessing. Now it's using about 30% of the memory it used before and it's faster. That's because now rays are created and traced in the same function that goes in parallel.

Also now using imap_unordered function for memory optimization (https://docs.python.org/3/library/multiprocessing.html#multiprocessing.pool.Pool.map)
Source code(tar.gz)
Source code(zip)
v0.9.0(Dec 28, 2020)
Use many processes with multiprocessing library

This is a first version, it's not efficient with memory. It creates every ray at the beginning (memory expensive) and creates a pool with all of them, in the future maybe it would be better to create some of the rays, start the workers, wait for them, then create more rays, and assign to workers like that in a loop until the entire screen is finished

At resolution of 720p it took ~10GB of RAM for 8 processes

Source code(tar.gz)
Source code(zip)
v0.8.0(Dec 27, 2020)
Pathtracing with Russian Roulette

Caustics using Light Raytracing (Backwards Raytracing) with Illumination Maps

(see pathtracer.py inside examples)
Source code(tar.gz)
Source code(zip)
v0.7.0(Jul 12, 2020)
Add Depth of Field (an out of focus effect) by using a virtual camera lens, with parameters:

f: focal distance, which is the distance from the view window (image plane) to the focal plane (where every object is in focus)

ap_sx: aperture size in the horizontal coordinate

ap_sy: aperture size in the vertical coordinate

Source code(tar.gz)
Source code(zip)
v0.6.1(Jun 28, 2020)
Fix variable with same name, light for barycentric shading and light for scene lights in compute_color function

Fix error when animation_out folder doesn't exist, in create_animation function

Source code(tar.gz)
Source code(zip)
v0.6.0(May 24, 2020)
State class that stores position, velocity, rotation, angular velocity, scale and mass.

Simulation module that include RigidBody with a simulate_physics function, which changes State using a given time delta. The Simulation has a run function that will simulate physics on each RigidBody of the system for the duration time of the simulation.

Animation module which includes Keyframe and Transform, and can create a series of keyframes using a list of states and then use the list of keyframes to render a list of images.

Source code(tar.gz)
Source code(zip)
v0.5.0(Apr 25, 2020)
Reflection for implicit surfaces

Normal Maps

Source code(tar.gz)
Source code(zip)
v0.3.0(Apr 9, 2020)
Features:

UV Mapping for Plane and Sphere

Environment Mapping

Image Textures

Solid Image Textures

Source code(tar.gz)
Source code(zip)
v0.2.0(Mar 31, 2020)
Hard shadow calculation for:

Point lights

Spot lights

Directional lights

Source code(tar.gz)
Source code(zip)
v0.1.0(Mar 24, 2020)
Diffuse, specular and border shaders

Sphere and plane objects

Directional, point and spot lights

Source code(tar.gz)
Source code(zip)

Sombra is simple Raytracer written in pure Python.

Related tags

Overview

Sombra

Usage

Features

Documentation

Testing

Dependencies

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Comments

chore(deps): bump pillow from 8.2.0 to 8.3.2

8.3.2

Security

Python 3.10 wheels

Fixed regressions

8.3.1

Changes

8.3.0

Changes

8.3.2 (2021-09-02)

8.3.1 (2021-07-06)

8.3.0 (2021-07-01)

chore(deps): bump pillow from 8.1.1 to 8.2.0

8.2.0

Changes

Dependencies

Deprecations

8.2.0 (2021-04-01)

chore(deps): bump pillow from 7.1.2 to 8.1.1

8.1.1

8.1.0

Changes

Dependencies

Deprecations

8.1.1 (2021-03-01)

8.1.0 (2021-01-02)

Releases(v0.9.1)

v0.9.1(Oct 18, 2021)

v0.9.0(Dec 28, 2020)

v0.8.0(Dec 27, 2020)

v0.7.0(Jul 12, 2020)

v0.6.1(Jun 28, 2020)

v0.6.0(May 24, 2020)

v0.5.0(Apr 25, 2020)

v0.3.0(Apr 9, 2020)

v0.2.0(Mar 31, 2020)

v0.1.0(Mar 24, 2020)

Owner

Hernaldo Jesus Henriquez Nuñez

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