Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)
Support for the Internationalised Domain Names in Applications (IDNA) protocol as specified in RFC 5891. This is the latest version of the protocol and is sometimes referred to as “IDNA 2008”.
This library also provides support for Unicode Technical Standard 46, Unicode IDNA Compatibility Processing.
This acts as a suitable replacement for the “encodings.idna” module that comes with the Python standard library, but which only supports the older superseded IDNA specification (RFC 3490).
Basic functions are simply executed:
>>> import idna
>>> idna.encode('ドメイン.テスト')
b'xn--eckwd4c7c.xn--zckzah'
>>> print(idna.decode('xn--eckwd4c7c.xn--zckzah'))
ドメイン.テスト
Installation
To install this library, you can use pip:
$ pip install idna
Alternatively, you can install the package using the bundled setup script:
$ python setup.py install
Usage
For typical usage, the encode and decode functions will take a domain name argument and perform a conversion to A-labels or U-labels respectively.
>>> import idna
>>> idna.encode('ドメイン.テスト')
b'xn--eckwd4c7c.xn--zckzah'
>>> print(idna.decode('xn--eckwd4c7c.xn--zckzah'))
ドメイン.テスト
You may use the codec encoding and decoding methods using the idna.codec module:
>>> import idna.codec
>>> print('домен.испытание'.encode('idna'))
b'xn--d1acufc.xn--80akhbyknj4f'
>>> print(b'xn--d1acufc.xn--80akhbyknj4f'.decode('idna'))
домен.испытание
Conversions can be applied at a per-label basis using the ulabel or alabel functions if necessary:
>>> idna.alabel('测试')
b'xn--0zwm56d'
Compatibility Mapping (UTS #46)
As described in RFC 5895, the IDNA specification does not normalize input from different potential ways a user may input a domain name. This functionality, known as a “mapping”, is considered by the specification to be a local user-interface issue distinct from IDNA conversion functionality.
This library provides one such mapping, that was developed by the Unicode Consortium. Known as Unicode IDNA Compatibility Processing, it provides for both a regular mapping for typical applications, as well as a transitional mapping to help migrate from older IDNA 2003 applications.
For example, “Königsgäßchen” is not a permissible label as LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K is not allowed (nor are capital letters in general). UTS 46 will convert this into lower case prior to applying the IDNA conversion.
>>> import idna
>>> idna.encode('Königsgäßchen')
...
idna.core.InvalidCodepoint: Codepoint U+004B at position 1 of 'Königsgäßchen' not allowed
>>> idna.encode('Königsgäßchen', uts46=True)
b'xn--knigsgchen-b4a3dun'
>>> print(idna.decode('xn--knigsgchen-b4a3dun'))
königsgäßchen
Transitional processing provides conversions to help transition from the older 2003 standard to the current standard. For example, in the original IDNA specification, the LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S (ß) was converted into two LATIN SMALL LETTER S (ss), whereas in the current IDNA specification this conversion is not performed.
>>> idna.encode('Königsgäßchen', uts46=True, transitional=True)
'xn--knigsgsschen-lcb0w'
Implementors should use transitional processing with caution, only in rare cases where conversion from legacy labels to current labels must be performed (i.e. IDNA implementations that pre-date 2008). For typical applications that just need to convert labels, transitional processing is unlikely to be beneficial and could produce unexpected incompatible results.
encodings.idna Compatibility
Function calls from the Python built-in encodings.idna module are mapped to their IDNA 2008 equivalents using the idna.compat module. Simply substitute the import clause in your code to refer to the new module name.
Exceptions
All errors raised during the conversion following the specification should raise an exception derived from the idna.IDNAError base class.
More specific exceptions that may be generated as idna.IDNABidiError when the error reflects an illegal combination of left-to-right and right-to-left characters in a label; idna.InvalidCodepoint when a specific codepoint is an illegal character in an IDN label (i.e. INVALID); and idna.InvalidCodepointContext when the codepoint is illegal based on its positional context (i.e. it is CONTEXTO or CONTEXTJ but the contextual requirements are not satisfied.)
Building and Diagnostics
The IDNA and UTS 46 functionality relies upon pre-calculated lookup tables for performance. These tables are derived from computing against eligibility criteria in the respective standards. These tables are computed using the command-line script tools/idna-data.
This tool will fetch relevant codepoint data from the Unicode repository and perform the required calculations to identify eligibility. There are three main modes:
idna-data make-libdata. Generatesidnadata.pyanduts46data.py, the pre-calculated lookup tables using for IDNA and UTS 46 conversions. Implementors who wish to track this library against a different Unicode version may use this tool to manually generate a different version of theidnadata.pyanduts46data.pyfiles.idna-data make-table. Generate a table of the IDNA disposition (e.g. PVALID, CONTEXTJ, CONTEXTO) in the format found in Appendix B.1 of RFC 5892 and the pre-computed tables published by IANA.idna-data U+0061. Prints debugging output on the various properties associated with an individual Unicode codepoint (in this case, U+0061), that are used to assess the IDNA and UTS 46 status of a codepoint. This is helpful in debugging or analysis.
The tool accepts a number of arguments, described using idna-data -h. Most notably, the --version argument allows the specification of the version of Unicode to use in computing the table data. For example, idna-data --version 9.0.0 make-libdata will generate library data against Unicode 9.0.0.
Additional Notes
- Packages. The latest tagged release version is published in the Python Package Index.
- Version support. This library supports Python 3.5 and higher. As this library serves as a low-level toolkit for a variety of applications, many of which strive for broad compatibility with older Python versions, there is no rush to remove older intepreter support. Removing support for older versions should be well justified in that the maintenance burden has become too high.
- Python 2. Python 2 is supported by version 2.x of this library. While active development of the version 2.x series has ended, notable issues being corrected may be backported to 2.x. Use "idna<3" in your requirements file if you need this library for a Python 2 application.
- Testing. The library has a test suite based on each rule of the IDNA specification, as well as tests that are provided as part of the Unicode Technical Standard 46, Unicode IDNA Compatibility Processing.
- Emoji. It is an occasional request to support emoji domains in this library. Encoding of symbols like emoji is expressly prohibited by the technical standard IDNA 2008 and emoji domains are broadly phased out across the domain industry due to associated security risks. For now, applications that wish need to support these non-compliant labels may wish to consider trying the encode/decode operation in this library first, and then falling back to using encodings.idna. See the Github project for more discussion.
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