pyramid_services
The core of a service layer that integrates with the Pyramid Web Framework.
pyramid_services defines a pattern and helper methods for accessing a pluggable service layer from within your Pyramid apps.
Installation
Install from PyPI using pip or easy_install inside a virtual environment.
$ $VENV/bin/pip install pyramid_services
Or install directly from source.
$ git clone https://github.com/mmerickel/pyramid_services.git
$ cd pyramid_services
$ $VENV/bin/pip install -e .
Setup
Activate pyramid_services by including it into your pyramid application.
config.include('pyramid_services')
This will add some new directives to your Configurator.
config.register_service(obj, iface=Interface, context=Interface, name='')This method will register a service object for the supplied
iface,context, andname. This effectively registers a singleton for your application as theobjwill always be returned when looking for a service.config.register_service_factory(factory, iface=Interface, context=Interface, name='')This method will register a factory for the supplied
iface,context, andname. The factory should be a callable accepting acontextand arequestand should return a service object. The factory will be used at most once perrequest/context/namecombination.config.set_service_registry(registry)This method will let you set a custom
wired.ServiceRegistryinstance which is the backing registry for all services.
Usage
After registering services with the Configurator, they are now accessible from the request object during a request lifecycle via the request.find_service(iface=Interface, context=_marker, name='') method. Unless a custom context is passed to find_service, the lookup will default to using request.context. The context will default to None if a service is searched for during or before traversal in Pyramid when there may not be a request.context.
svc = request.find_service(ILoginService)
Registering per-request services
Some services (like your database connection) may need a transaction manager and the best way to do that is by using pyramid_tm and hooking the request.tm transaction manager into your service container. The request object itself is already added to the container for the pyramid.interfaces.IRequest interface and can be used in factories that require the request.
This can be done before any services are instantiated by subscribing to the pyramid_services.NewServiceContainer event:
from pyramid_services import NewServiceContainer
def on_new_container(event):
container = event.container
request = event.request
container.set(request.tm, name='tm')
config.add_subscriber(on_new_container, NewServiceContainer)
Examples
Let's create a login service by progressively building up from scratch what we want to use in our app.
Basically all of the steps in configuring an interface are optional, but they are shown here as best practices.
# myapp/interfaces.py
from zope.interface import Interface
class ILoginService(Interface):
def create_token_for_login(name):
pass
With our interface we can now define a conforming instance.
# myapp/services.py
class DummyLoginService(object):
def create_token_for_login(self, name):
return 'u:{0}'.format(name)
Let's hook it up to our application.
# myapp/main.py
from pyramid.config import Configurator
from myapp.services import DummyLoginService
def main(global_config, **settings):
config = Configurator()
config.include('pyramid_services')
config.register_service(DummyLoginService(), ILoginService)
config.add_route('home', '/')
config.scan('.views')
return config.make_wsgi_app()
Finally, let's create our view that utilizes the service.
# myapp/views.py
@view_config(route_name='home', renderer='json')
def home_view(request):
name = request.params.get('name', 'bob')
login_svc = request.find_service(ILoginService)
token = login_svc.create_token_for_login(name)
return {'access_token': token}
If you start up this application, you will find that you can access the home url and get custom tokens!
This is cool, but what's even better is swapping in a new service without changing our view at all. Let's define a new PersistentLoginService that gets tokens from a database. We're going to need to setup some database handling, but again nothing changes in the view.
# myapp/services.py
from uuid import uuid4
from myapp.model import AccessToken
class PersistentLoginService(object):
def __init__(self, dbsession):
self.dbsession = dbsession
def create_token_for_login(self, name):
token = AccessToken(key=uuid4(), user=name)
self.dbsession.add(token)
return token.key
Below is some boilerplate for configuring a model using the excellent SQLAlchemy ORM.
# myapp/model.py
from sqlalchemy import engine_from_config
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy.schema import Column
from sqlalchemy.types import Text
Base = declarative_base()
def init_model(settings):
engine = engine_from_config(settings)
dbmaker = sessionmaker()
dbmaker.configure(bind=engine)
return dbmaker
class AccessToken(Base):
__tablename__ = 'access_token'
key = Column(Text, primary_key=True)
user = Column(Text, nullable=False)
Now we will update the application to use the new PersistentLoginService. However, we may have other services and it'd be silly to create a new database connection for each service in a request. So we'll also add a service that encapsulates the database connection. Using this technique we can wire services together in the service layer.
# myapp/main.py
from pyramid.config import Configurator
import transaction
import zope.sqlalchemy
from myapp.model import init_model
from myapp.services import PersistentLoginService
def main(global_config, **settings):
config = Configurator()
config.include('pyramid_services')
config.include('pyramid_tm')
dbmaker = init_model(settings)
def dbsession_factory(context, request):
dbsession = dbmaker()
# register the session with pyramid_tm for managing transactions
zope.sqlalchemy.register(dbsession, transaction_manager=request.tm)
return dbsession
config.register_service_factory(dbsession_factory, name='db')
def login_factory(context, request):
dbsession = request.find_service(name='db')
svc = PersistentLoginService(dbsession)
return svc
config.register_service_factory(login_factory, ILoginService)
config.add_route('home', '/')
config.scan('.views')
return config.make_wsgi_app()
And finally the home view will remain unchanged.
# myapp/views.py
@view_config(route_name='home', renderer='json')
def home_view(request):
name = request.params.get('name', 'bob')
login_svc = request.find_service(ILoginService)
token = login_svc.create_token_for_login(name)
return {'access_token': token}
Hopefully this pattern is clear. It has several advantages over most basic Pyramid tutorials.
- The model is completely abstracted from the views, making both easy to test on their own.
- The service layer can be developed independently of the views, allowing for dummy implementations for easy creation of templates and frontend logic. Later, the real service layer can be swapped in as it's developed, building out the backend functionality.
- Most services may be implemented in such a way that they do not depend on Pyramid or a particular request object.
- Different services may be returned based on a context, such as the result of traversal or some other application-defined discriminator.
Testing Examples
If you are writing an application that uses pyramid_services you may want to do some integration testing that verifies that your application has successfully called register_service or register_service_factory. Using Pyramid's testing module to create a Configurator and after calling config.include('pyramid_services') you may use find_service_factory to get information about a registered service.
Take as an example this test that verifies that dbsession_factory has been correctly registered. This assumes you have a myapp.services package that contains an includeme() function.
# myapp/tests/test_integration.py
from myapp.services import dbsession_factory, login_factory, ILoginService
class TestIntegration_services(unittest.TestCase):
def setUp(self):
self.config = pyramid.testing.setUp()
self.config.include('pyramid_services')
self.config.include('myapp.services')
def tearDown(self):
pyramid.testing.tearDown()
def test_db_maker(self):
result = self.config.find_service_factory(name='db')
self.assertEqual(result, dbsession_factory)
def test_login_factory(self):
result = self.config.find_service_factory(ILoginService)
self.assertEqual(result, login_factory)
3.6k Dec 27, 2022
4 Nov 16, 2021
16.7k Jan 8, 2023
5.7k Jan 8, 2023
32 Mar 5, 2022
67.9k Dec 29, 2022
61.5k Jan 6, 2023
20.9k Jan 1, 2023
7.8k Dec 31, 2022
1.9k Jan 4, 2023
2k Dec 31, 2022
796 Dec 26, 2022
687 Nov 27, 2022
264 Dec 31, 2022
83 Sep 23, 2022
1 Nov 16, 2021
162 Dec 26, 2022
8 Jun 16, 2022