MNE: Magnetoencephalography (MEG) and Electroencephalography (EEG) in Python

Last update: Dec 28, 2022

Overview

MNE-Python

MNE-Python software is an open-source Python package for exploring, visualizing, and analyzing human neurophysiological data such as MEG, EEG, sEEG, ECoG, and more. It includes modules for data input/output, preprocessing, visualization, source estimation, time-frequency analysis, connectivity analysis, machine learning, and statistics.

Documentation

MNE documentation for MNE-Python is available online.

Installing MNE-Python

To install the latest stable version of MNE-Python, you can use pip in a terminal:

pip install -U mne

MNE-Python 0.17 was the last release to support Python 2.7
MNE-Python 0.18 requires Python 3.5 or higher
MNE-Python 0.21 requires Python 3.6 or higher
MNE-Python 0.24 requires Python 3.7 or higher

For more complete instructions and more advanced installation methods (e.g. for the latest development version), see the installation guide.

Get the latest code

To install the latest version of the code using pip open a terminal and type:

pip install -U https://github.com/mne-tools/mne-python/archive/main.zip

To get the latest code using git, open a terminal and type:

git clone https://github.com/mne-tools/mne-python.git

Alternatively, you can also download a zip file of the latest development version.

Dependencies

The minimum required dependencies to run MNE-Python are:

Python >= 3.7
NumPy >= 1.18.1
SciPy >= 1.4.1

For full functionality, some functions require:

Matplotlib >= 3.1.0
Scikit-learn >= 0.22.0
Numba >= 0.48.0
NiBabel >= 2.5.0
Pandas >= 1.0.0
Picard >= 0.3
CuPy >= 7.1.1 (for NVIDIA CUDA acceleration)
DIPY >= 1.1.0
Imageio >= 2.6.1
PyVista >= 0.32
pyvistaqt >= 0.4
mffpy >= 0.5.7

Contributing to MNE-Python

Please see the documentation on the MNE-Python homepage:

https://mne.tools/dev/install/contributing.html

Forum

https://mne.discourse.group

Licensing

MNE-Python is BSD-licenced (3 clause):

This software is OSI Certified Open Source Software. OSI Certified is a certification mark of the Open Source Initiative.

Copyright (c) 2011-2021, authors of MNE-Python. All rights reserved.

Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:

Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.

Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.

Neither the names of MNE-Python authors nor the names of any contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission.

This software is provided by the copyright holders and contributors "as is" and any express or implied warranties, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed. In no event shall the copyright owner or contributors be liable for any direct, indirect, incidental, special, exemplary, or consequential damages (including, but not limited to, procurement of substitute goods or services; loss of use, data, or profits; or business interruption) however caused and on any theory of liability, whether in contract, strict liability, or tort (including negligence or otherwise) arising in any way out of the use of this software, even if advised of the possibility of such damage.

Comments

ENH Concatenated epoch plot
Sorry for the delay. I'll make up for it over the weekend. This works at least on my computer for displaying the first few of the epochs. The scrollbars are under construction.

TODOs

[x] keyboard shortcuts

[x] dropping bad epochs

[x] deprecate old plot function

[x] scale data using pageup and pagedown keys (for both raw and epochs)

[ ] make epochs dropping work for preload=False

[x] mark bad epochs in scrollbar

[x] update example

[ ] mark bad channels ?

[x] red border for bad epochs instead of shading

[x] add button for projector

[x] add vertical lines to show event color in epochs

BUGS

[x] tight_layout on macosx

[x] projs

[x] no legend

[x] vertical line at t=0 won't work if epoch is from tmin > 0
opened by jaeilepp 303
MRG+4: Epochs metadata
This is a rough draft of the metadata attribute for the Epochs object. The code is mostly there, and I put together a tutorial + some tests that still need tweaking. Let's see what the rendered circle output looks like and then decide whether we like it or not :-)

The main thing this does is:

Lets you add a metadata attribute to Epochs objects. This is a dataframe that can be stored w/ the object.

Lets you do pandas query-style things with the __getattr__ method in Epochs. (see example)

Todo

[x] Add I/O stuff

[x] tutorial

ping @agramfort @Eric89GXL @jona-sassenhagen @kingjr

Follow-up PRs

Deal with groupby functionality for making Evoked (or Epochs?) instances
opened by choldgraf 209
[MRG+2] adding receptive field module

Just when you thought it was safe, it returns! Unnecessarily complicated API changes make a comeback in "Gitastrophe 2: Attack of the clone(d repository)"

This is a new branch off of master and a greatly simplified version of the long discussion in #2796. The basic idea is that we decided tackling the general encoding model problem is probably too much to bite off in one PR, especially when the sklearn API might change somewhat. This is a PR to add a receptive field module. It includes some (unfinished) tests, a new class, a few new functions, and an example.

LMK

@agramfort @Eric89GXL @kingjr @jona-sassenhagen

Closes #2796.

opened by choldgraf 191
Trans GUI
[not ready for review, replaces https://github.com/mne-tools/mne-python/pull/379]

Open issues:

[x] FIX: For scaling, allow the bem file to have a different name from fsaverage

[x] TESTs: try to add TESTs for the GUI through traits

[ ] DOC: Add documentation to the Python page

[ ] DOC: Document traitsui backend issue and possibly handle with automatic default selection

[x] scale source spaces

[x] wait for and use https://github.com/mne-tools/mne-python/pull/739

[ ] add trans-fname parameter

[x] load existing trans file

[ ] automatically load trans when selecting raw and MRI?

ENH
opened by christianbrodbeck 174
MRG eeglab .set reader
closes https://github.com/mne-tools/mne-python/issues/2672

very much WIP and works only for the sample data provided by EEGLAB at the moment. If anyone has files to share, I'd be happy to try them.

TODOs

[x] Fix scaling issue when plotting raw

[x] Check if chanlocs already exists in the set file

[x] Check if data already exists in the set file

[x] Handle epochs data

[x] Make it work with .dat file

[x] eog topoplot
opened by jasmainak 172
MRG+1: Elekta averager
Discussed in #3097

Summary: Elekta/Neuromag DACQ (data acquisition) supports rather flexible event and averaging logic that is currently not implemented in mne-python. It also stores all averaging parameters in the fiff file, so raw data can be easily reaveraged in postprocessing. The purpose of this PR is

extract the relevant info from the fiff file

implement support for averaging according to DACQ categories (or to modify the categories first)

Implementation: a class that takes all the relevant info from raw.info['acq_pars'].

API: get_condition() gives averaging info for a given condition, that can be fed to mne.Epochs

Technical details: DACQ supports defining 32 different events which correspond to trigger transitions. Events support pre- and post-transition bit masking. Based on the events, 32 averaging categories can be defined. Each category defines a reference event that is the zero-time point for collecting the corresponding epochs. Epoch length is defined by the start and end times (given relative to the reference event). A conditional ('required') event is also supported; if defined, it must appear in a specified time window (before or after the reference event) for the epoch to be valid.
opened by jjnurminen 164
WIP/ENH: add repeated measures twoway anova function
This addresses #226 and some aspects of #535

Adapted from my gist: https://gist.github.com/dengemann/5427106

which is a translation of MATLAB code by Rik Henson: http://www.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/people/rik.henson/personal/repanova.m

and to some lesser extend by Python code from pvttbl by Roger Lew. http://code.google.com/p/pyvttbl/

While there is a new WIP PR in statsmodels related to this (https://github.com/statsmodels/statsmodels/pull/786), this minimal version aims at supporting our (mass-univariate) use case.

Some features:

supports joblib (on my 2011 macbook air it took me 7 minutes to compute 1.000.000 repeated measures anovas for 18 subjects and all three effects from a 2 x 2 design using 2 jobs). I might find a more efficient way to do this, but I think this is definitely start.

supports sphericity correction for factor levels > 2

Current limitations are:

to keep things simple, I constrained this function to only estimate models with 2 factors. This should make sense in an MEG context.

both factors are expected to be repeated, so no 'between-subject' effects.

Tests and examples are coming, so please wait with strict reviewing. For the API, however I could already need some feedback. I was wondering whether to add some iterator support for retrieving data matrices for the effects desired sequentially (assuming you don't want all three 20484 * e.g. 150 matrices at once when applied in a source space analysis). Another option would be to add some mini formula language allowing to request one effect e.g. using some R conventions: 'A' or 'B' for the main effects, 'A:B' for just the interaction or 'A*B' for the full model. I think both iteration and formula will be too much.
opened by dengemann 151
MRG: refactor PSD functions

This is a quick update that adds information to docstring so people know where to look for the under-the-hood PSD estimation. It also adds code to keep the estimated psd/frequencies with the object after the transform method is called.

opened by choldgraf 148
ENH: Forward solution in python

This code now produces similair results in Python as in C, with computation time faster for oct-6 source spaces on my machine. Should be ready for review, and hopefully extensive testing to make sure there aren't issues across different machines, installs, etc.
ENH

opened by larsoner 143
ENH: draft of mne report command
Closes https://github.com/mne-tools/mne-python/issues/1056

Try

mne report -p MNE-sample-data/ -i MNE-sample-data/MEG/sample/sample_audvis-ave.fif -d MNE-sample-data/subjects/ -s sample -x -v

and it should generate report.html in MNE-sample-data/

Sample output here: https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/3915954/report.html

TODOS

[x] recursive exploration

[x] rebase and use read_evokeds

[x] extend the support to as many fif files types

[x] cov

[x] fwd

[x] inv

[x] raw

[x] trans (display head in helmet to check coregistration quality in mne.viz.plot_trans())

[x] epo : plot_drop_log

[ ] check dpi settings

[x] Slicer coordinates

[x] Table of contents linking to different parts of html?

[x] the bootstrap/JS theme should allow to select which type of fif file to display. See jquery toggle

[x] also bad fif files should appear in red for example if the fif fname is not standard (evoked should end with -ave.fif, cov with -cov.fif, raw with raw.fif or sss.fiff etc....)

[x] banner + footer

[x] open the report in a browser when generated
opened by mainakjas 142
WIP: Prototype of notebook viz (screencast)
This PR acts as a new prototype for mne 3d viz in the notebook. The goal here is to provide a lightweight, easy to maintain integration. That's why the design is very simple for now:

A class WebInteractor (this is not a good name, suggestions are welcome) manages the rendering by 'streaming' a screenshot image from the server-side _Renderer to the notebook through matplotlib. This class also manages the ipywidgets responsible for the interaction with the renderer. The interactions available at the moment are limited to camera settings (with set_camera(azimuth, elevation)) but more will come.

This design provides integration 'for cheap' since the client does not hold any rendering loop for example and virtually anything that is possible to render in 'standalone' mne with the pyvista backend is casted upon request and should work out of the box.

Please note that only the first cell is modified compared to the original example.

More details:

Configuration on the user side is limited to just define the env variable MNE_3D_NOTEBOOK=True and %matplotlib widget backend

This feature is only available with the pyvista 3d backend

The default plotter used to achieve this does not use PyQt

_TimeViewer is not supported but we can imagine that a separation frontend/backend can translate very well in this situation

Requires (at least) matplotlib, ipywidgets and IPython

ToDo

[x] Add support for headless remote server (suggested in https://github.com/mne-tools/mne-python/pull/7758#issuecomment-627812174)

[x] Create a conda YAML file to configure the server environment

[x] Hide the subplot controller when it is not needed (suggested in https://github.com/mne-tools/mne-python/pull/7758#issuecomment-635595420)

[x] Add a DPI controller

[x] Reduce data transfer with continuous_update=False (suggested in https://github.com/mne-tools/mne-python/pull/7758#issuecomment-627812174)

[ ] Add an option for client-side only data exploration (suggested in https://github.com/mne-tools/mne-python/pull/7758#issuecomment-627812174)

[ ] Add support for click-n-drag (suggested in https://github.com/mne-tools/mne-python/pull/7758#issuecomment-627812174)

[ ] Check compatibility with Jupyter Lab (suggested in https://github.com/mne-tools/mne-python/pull/7758#issuecomment-634679364)

Bug

[x] Reset interactivity mode (reported in https://github.com/mne-tools/mne-python/pull/7758#discussion_r424352219)

[x] Issue with window resize (reported in https://github.com/mne-tools/mne-python/pull/7758#issuecomment-627812174)

[x] Jumpiness and flickering are expected with ipywidgets and my very naive implementation of the rendering.

Ideas

Dockerfile for the server setup (suggested in https://github.com/mne-tools/mne-python/pull/7758#issuecomment-633605246, prototype in https://github.com/mne-tools/mne-python/pull/7758#issuecomment-634653808)

Original proof of concept

Here is how this could work for plot_parcellation for example:

%env MNE_3D_NOTEBOOK=True # enable notebook support here

import mne Brain = mne.viz.get_brain_class() subjects_dir = mne.datasets.sample.data_path() + '/subjects' mne.datasets.fetch_hcp_mmp_parcellation(subjects_dir=subjects_dir, verbose=True) mne.datasets.fetch_aparc_sub_parcellation(subjects_dir=subjects_dir, verbose=True) labels = mne.read_labels_from_annot( 'fsaverage', 'HCPMMP1', 'lh', subjects_dir=subjects_dir) brain = Brain('fsaverage', 'lh', 'inflated', subjects_dir=subjects_dir, cortex='low_contrast', background='white', size=(800, 600)) brain.add_annotation('HCPMMP1') aud_label = [label for label in labels if label.name == 'L_A1_ROI-lh'][0] brain.add_label(aud_label, borders=False)

brain = Brain('fsaverage', 'lh', 'inflated', subjects_dir=subjects_dir, cortex='low_contrast', background='white', size=(800, 600)) brain.add_annotation('HCPMMP1_combined')

brain = Brain('fsaverage', 'lh', 'inflated', subjects_dir=subjects_dir, cortex='low_contrast', background='white', size=(800, 600)) brain.add_annotation('aparc_sub')

Related to https://github.com/mne-tools/mne-python/pull/7056, https://github.com/mne-tools/mne-python/pull/6232 This is an item of #7162
VIZ
opened by GuillaumeFavelier 133
[ENH] Read annotation duration from SNIRF files.

Reference issue

Before this PR, when reading SNIRF files, the annotation durations were ALL set to 1.0

What does this implement/fix?

This PR changes the read_raw_snirf function to read annotation durations from the file.

Additional information

Relevant file type definition is here: https://github.com/fNIRS/snirf/blob/master/snirf_specification.md#nirsistimjdata

A PR has been opened to add correct stimulus duration to SNIRF writing at https://github.com/mne-tools/mne-nirs/pull/497

opened by rob-luke 1
Missing API documentation for sample dataset's data_path() (and possibly others)

Proposed documentation enhancement

To figure out what the parameters of datasets.sample.data_path() do, I had to dig into the source code. This is … not great, especially since we constantly ask users to provide MWEs based on sample. I assume this affects other datasets as well, but I only checked sample.
DOC

opened by hoechenberger 2
coregistration GUI does not exit cleanly
Describe the bug

If I open the coregistration GUI and it crashes for some reason (e.g., missing subjects_dir), a dangling welcome banner is left which becomes distracting the next time the GUI is opened. One can exit ipython and restart the script, but this might require redoing lengthy computation.

Steps to reproduce

$ unset SUBJECTS_DIR

then in ipython:

>>> from mne.gui import coregistration >>> coregistration()

Expected results

The welcome banner closes

Actual results☺

Additional information

In [2]: mne.sys_info() Platform: Linux-3.10.0-1160.76.1.el7.x86_64-x86_64-with-glibc2.10 Python: 3.8.6 | packaged by conda-forge | (default, Oct 7 2020, 19:08:05) [GCC 7.5.0] Executable: /autofs/space/meghnn_001/users/mjas/anaconda3/envs/mne/bin/python3.8 CPU: x86_64: 64 cores Memory: 125.4 GB

Exception ignored on calling ctypes callback function: <function _ThreadpoolInfo._find_modules_with_dl_iterate_phdr..match_module_callback at 0x7f8f64346940> Traceback (most recent call last): File "/autofs/space/meghnn_001/users/mjas/anaconda3/envs/mne/lib/python3.8/site-packages/threadpoolctl.py", line 400, in match_module_callback self._make_module_from_path(filepath) File "/autofs/space/meghnn_001/users/mjas/anaconda3/envs/mne/lib/python3.8/site-packages/threadpoolctl.py", line 515, in _make_module_from_path module = module_class(filepath, prefix, user_api, internal_api) File "/autofs/space/meghnn_001/users/mjas/anaconda3/envs/mne/lib/python3.8/site-packages/threadpoolctl.py", line 606, in init self.version = self.get_version() File "/autofs/space/meghnn_001/users/mjas/anaconda3/envs/mne/lib/python3.8/site-packages/threadpoolctl.py", line 646, in get_version config = get_config().split() AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'split' mne: 1.4.dev0 numpy: 1.23.0 {unknown linalg bindings} scipy: 1.5.3 matplotlib: 3.3.3 {backend=Qt5Agg}

sklearn: 0.23.2 numba: Not found nibabel: 3.2.1 nilearn: 0.7.0 dipy: 1.3.0 openmeeg: Not found cupy: Not found pandas: 1.1.5 pyvista: 0.36.1 {OpenGL 4.5.0 NVIDIA 455.45.01 via Quadro P5000/PCIe/SSE2} pyvistaqt: 0.9.0 ipyvtklink: Not found vtk: 9.0.1 qtpy: 2.0.1 {PyQt5=5.12.9} ipympl: Not found /autofs/space/meghnn_001/users/mjas/anaconda3/envs/mne/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pyqtgraph/colors/palette.py:1: RuntimeWarning: PyQtGraph supports Qt version >= 5.15, but 5.12.9 detected. from ..Qt import QtGui pyqtgraph: 0.13.1 pooch: v1.5.2

mne_bids: Not found mne_nirs: Not found mne_features: Not found mne_qt_browser: 0.4.0 mne_connectivity: Not found mne_icalabel: Not found
opened by jasmainak 3

Evoked IO cannot handle channel names with colons

Description of the problem

I have data where the channel names contain :. While MNE is able to successfully write this data, it throws a weird error when reading. While I can fix the channel names, I think the error (if at all) should be raised when writing the data, not reading.

Steps to reproduce

import mne

root = mne.datasets.sample.data_path() / 'MEG' / 'sample'
evk_file = root / 'sample_audvis-ave.fif'
evoked = mne.read_evokeds(evk_file, baseline=(None, 0), proj=True,
                          verbose=False)[0]
# comment out the following line to see now error
evoked.rename_channels(lambda x: x.replace(' ', ':'))

evoked.info['bads'] = [evoked.info['ch_names'][0]]
mne.write_evokeds('test_ave.fif', evoked, overwrite=True)

evoked2 = mne.read_evokeds('test_ave.fif')[0]

Link to data

No response

Expected results

No error

Actual results

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError                                Traceback (most recent call last)
File /autofs/space/meghnn_001/users/mjas/github_repos/mne-opm/mne_bug.py:14
     11 evoked.info['bads'] = [evoked.info['ch_names'][0]]
     12 mne.write_evokeds('test_ave.fif', evoked, overwrite=True)
---> 14 evoked2 = mne.read_evokeds('test_ave.fif')[0]

File <decorator-gen-255>:12, in read_evokeds(fname, condition, baseline, kind, proj, allow_maxshield, verbose)

File /autofs/space/meghnn_001/users/mjas/github_repos/mne-python/mne/evoked.py:1186, in read_evokeds(fname, condition, baseline, kind, proj, allow_maxshield, verbose)
   1184 return_list = True
   1185 if condition is None:
-> 1186     evoked_node = _get_evoked_node(fname)
   1187     condition = range(len(evoked_node))
   1188 elif not isinstance(condition, list):

File /autofs/space/meghnn_001/users/mjas/github_repos/mne-python/mne/evoked.py:1005, in _get_evoked_node(fname)
   1003 f, tree, _ = fiff_open(fname)
   1004 with f as fid:
-> 1005     _, meas = read_meas_info(fid, tree, verbose=False)
   1006     evoked_node = dir_tree_find(meas, FIFF.FIFFB_EVOKED)
   1007 return evoked_node

File <decorator-gen-35>:10, in read_meas_info(fid, tree, clean_bads, verbose)

File /autofs/space/meghnn_001/users/mjas/github_repos/mne-python/mne/io/meas_info.py:1552, in read_meas_info(fid, tree, clean_bads, verbose)
   1549             acq_stim = tag.data
   1551 #   Load the SSP data
-> 1552 projs = _read_proj(
   1553     fid, meas_info, ch_names_mapping=ch_names_mapping)
   1555 #   Load the CTF compensation data
   1556 comps = _read_ctf_comp(
   1557     fid, meas_info, chs, ch_names_mapping=ch_names_mapping)

File <decorator-gen-15>:12, in _read_proj(fid, node, ch_names_mapping, verbose)

File /autofs/space/meghnn_001/users/mjas/github_repos/mne-python/mne/io/proj.py:528, in _read_proj(fid, node, ch_names_mapping, verbose)
    525     data = data.T
    527 if data.shape[1] != len(names):
--> 528     raise ValueError('Number of channel names does not match the '
    529                      'size of data matrix')
    531 # just always use this, we used to have bugs with writing the
    532 # number correctly...
    533 nchan = len(names)

ValueError: Number of channel names does not match the size of data matrix

Additional information

Platform:         Linux-3.10.0-1160.76.1.el7.x86_64-x86_64-with-glibc2.10
Python:           3.8.6 | packaged by conda-forge | (default, Oct  7 2020, 19:08:05)  [GCC 7.5.0]
Executable:       /autofs/space/meghnn_001/users/mjas/anaconda3/envs/mne/bin/python3.8
CPU:              x86_64: 64 cores
Memory:           125.4 GB

Exception ignored on calling ctypes callback function: <function _ThreadpoolInfo._find_modules_with_dl_iterate_phdr.<locals>.match_module_callback at 0x7f921e1c2790>
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/autofs/space/meghnn_001/users/mjas/anaconda3/envs/mne/lib/python3.8/site-packages/threadpoolctl.py", line 400, in match_module_callback
    self._make_module_from_path(filepath)
  File "/autofs/space/meghnn_001/users/mjas/anaconda3/envs/mne/lib/python3.8/site-packages/threadpoolctl.py", line 515, in _make_module_from_path
    module = module_class(filepath, prefix, user_api, internal_api)
  File "/autofs/space/meghnn_001/users/mjas/anaconda3/envs/mne/lib/python3.8/site-packages/threadpoolctl.py", line 606, in __init__
    self.version = self.get_version()
  File "/autofs/space/meghnn_001/users/mjas/anaconda3/envs/mne/lib/python3.8/site-packages/threadpoolctl.py", line 646, in get_version
    config = get_config().split()
AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'split'
mne:              1.4.dev0
numpy:            1.23.0 {unknown linalg bindings}
scipy:            1.5.3
matplotlib:       3.3.3 {backend=Qt5Agg}

sklearn:          0.23.2
numba:            Not found
nibabel:          3.2.1
nilearn:          0.7.0
dipy:             1.3.0
openmeeg:         Not found
cupy:             Not found
pandas:           1.1.5
pyvista:          0.36.1 {OpenGL 4.5.0 NVIDIA 455.45.01 via Quadro P5000/PCIe/SSE2}
pyvistaqt:        0.9.0
ipyvtklink:       Not found
vtk:              9.0.1
qtpy:             2.0.1 {PyQt5=5.12.9}
ipympl:           Not found
/autofs/space/meghnn_001/users/mjas/anaconda3/envs/mne/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pyqtgraph/colors/palette.py:1: RuntimeWarning: PyQtGraph supports Qt version >= 5.15, but 5.12.9 detected.
  from ..Qt import QtGui
pyqtgraph:        0.13.1
pooch:            v1.5.2

mne_bids:         Not found
mne_nirs:         Not found
mne_features:     Not found
mne_qt_browser:   0.4.0
mne_connectivity: Not found
mne_icalabel:     Not found

BUG

opened by jasmainak 0

allow hat correction for f-tests

Describe the new feature or enhancement

It would be nice to allow low-variance correction for F-tests (not just t-tests) in our cluster permutation code.

Describe your proposed implementation

add a sigma (and method='relative'|'absolute') to mne.stats.f_oneway. May require changing how we compute F, as it wasn't obvious to me on a quick glance where I would insert sigma into the current implementation.

Describe possible alternatives

currently, users must write their own stat_func to do this. I guess that's an option to leave it that way.

Additional context

See equation 8 of the "hat" paper, in the section "implications for F-contrasts" https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.10.027
ENH

opened by drammock 1