LUKE -- Language Understanding with Knowledge-based Embeddings

Last update: Dec 30, 2022

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Overview

LUKE (Language Understanding with Knowledge-based Embeddings) is a new pre-trained contextualized representation of words and entities based on transformer. It was proposed in our paper LUKE: Deep Contextualized Entity Representations with Entity-aware Self-attention. It achieves state-of-the-art results on important NLP benchmarks including SQuAD v1.1 (extractive question answering), CoNLL-2003 (named entity recognition), ReCoRD (cloze-style question answering), TACRED (relation classification), and Open Entity (entity typing).

This repository contains the source code to pre-train the model and fine-tune it to solve downstream tasks.

News

November 24, 2021: Entity disambiguation example is available

The example code of entity disambiguation based on LUKE has been added to this repository. This model was originally proposed in our paper, and achieved state-of-the-art results on five standard entity disambiguation datasets: AIDA-CoNLL, MSNBC, AQUAINT, ACE2004, and WNED-WIKI.

For further details, please refer to the example directory.

August 3, 2021: New example code based on Hugging Face Transformers and AllenNLP is available

New fine-tuning examples of three downstream tasks, i.e., NER, relation classification, and entity typing, have been added to LUKE. These examples are developed based on Hugging Face Transformers and AllenNLP. The fine-tuning models are defined using simple AllenNLP's Jsonnet config files!

The example code is available in the examples_allennlp directory.

May 5, 2021: LUKE is added to Hugging Face Transformers

LUKE has been added to the master branch of the Hugging Face Transformers library. You can now solve entity-related tasks (e.g., named entity recognition, relation classification, entity typing) easily using this library.

For example, the LUKE-large model fine-tuned on the TACRED dataset can be used as follows:

>>> from transformers import LukeTokenizer, LukeForEntityPairClassification
>>> model = LukeForEntityPairClassification.from_pretrained("studio-ousia/luke-large-finetuned-tacred")
>>> tokenizer = LukeTokenizer.from_pretrained("studio-ousia/luke-large-finetuned-tacred")
>>> text = "Beyoncé lives in Los Angeles."
>>> entity_spans = [(0, 7), (17, 28)]  # character-based entity spans corresponding to "Beyoncé" and "Los Angeles"
>>> inputs = tokenizer(text, entity_spans=entity_spans, return_tensors="pt")
>>> outputs = model(**inputs)
>>> logits = outputs.logits
>>> predicted_class_idx = int(logits[0].argmax())
>>> print("Predicted class:", model.config.id2label[predicted_class_idx])
Predicted class: per:cities_of_residence

We also provide the following three Colab notebooks that show how to reproduce our experimental results on CoNLL-2003, TACRED, and Open Entity datasets using the library:

Please refer to the official documentation for further details.

November 5, 2021: LUKE-500K (base) model

We released LUKE-500K (base), a new pretrained LUKE model which is smaller than existing LUKE-500K (large). The experimental results of the LUKE-500K (base) and LUKE-500K (large) on SQuAD v1 and CoNLL-2003 are shown as follows:

Task	Dataset	Metric	LUKE-500K (base)	LUKE-500K (large)
Extractive Question Answering	SQuAD v1.1	EM/F1	86.1/92.3	90.2/95.4
Named Entity Recognition	CoNLL-2003	F1	93.3	94.3

We tuned only the batch size and learning rate in the experiments based on LUKE-500K (base).

Comparison with State-of-the-Art

LUKE outperforms the previous state-of-the-art methods on five important NLP tasks:

Task	Dataset	Metric	LUKE-500K (large)	Previous SOTA
Extractive Question Answering	SQuAD v1.1	EM/F1	90.2/95.4	89.9/95.1 (Yang et al., 2019)
Named Entity Recognition	CoNLL-2003	F1	94.3	93.5 (Baevski et al., 2019)
Cloze-style Question Answering	ReCoRD	EM/F1	90.6/91.2	83.1/83.7 (Li et al., 2019)
Relation Classification	TACRED	F1	72.7	72.0 (Wang et al. , 2020)
Fine-grained Entity Typing	Open Entity	F1	78.2	77.6 (Wang et al. , 2020)

These numbers are reported in our EMNLP 2020 paper.

Installation

LUKE can be installed using Poetry:

$ poetry install

The virtual environment automatically created by Poetry can be activated by poetry shell.

Released Models

We initially release the pre-trained model with 500K entity vocabulary based on the roberta.large model.

Name	Base Model	Entity Vocab Size	Params	Download
LUKE-500K (base)	roberta.base	500K	253 M	Link
LUKE-500K (large)	roberta.large	500K	483 M	Link

Reproducing Experimental Results

The experiments were conducted using Python3.6 and PyTorch 1.2.0 installed on a server with a single or eight NVidia V100 GPUs. We used NVidia's PyTorch Docker container 19.02. For computational efficiency, we used mixed precision training based on APEX library which can be installed as follows:

$ git clone https://github.com/NVIDIA/apex.git
$ cd apex
$ git checkout c3fad1ad120b23055f6630da0b029c8b626db78f
$ pip install -v --no-cache-dir --global-option="--cpp_ext" --global-option="--cuda_ext" .

The APEX library is not needed if you do not use --fp16 option or reproduce the results based on the trained checkpoint files.

The commands that reproduce the experimental results are provided as follows: