3518 Repositories
Python ng-rc-paper-code Libraries
Official Implementation for the "An Empirical Investigation of 3D Anomaly Detection and Segmentation" paper.
An Empirical Investigation of 3D Anomaly Detection and Segmentation Project | Paper Official PyTorch Implementation for the "An Empirical Investigatio
Official code for "Eigenlanes: Data-Driven Lane Descriptors for Structurally Diverse Lanes", CVPR2022
[CVPR 2022] Eigenlanes: Data-Driven Lane Descriptors for Structurally Diverse Lanes Dongkwon Jin, Wonhui Park, Seong-Gyun Jeong, Heeyeon Kwon, and Cha
The PyTorch implementation for paper "Neural Texture Extraction and Distribution for Controllable Person Image Synthesis" (CVPR2022 Oral)
ArXiv | Get Start Neural-Texture-Extraction-Distribution The PyTorch implementation for our paper "Neural Texture Extraction and Distribution for Cont
Code for CVPR'2022 paper ✨ "Predict, Prevent, and Evaluate: Disentangled Text-Driven Image Manipulation Empowered by Pre-Trained Vision-Language Model"
PPE ✨ Repository for our CVPR'2022 paper: Predict, Prevent, and Evaluate: Disentangled Text-Driven Image Manipulation Empowered by Pre-Trained Vision-
Code for "MetaMorph: Learning Universal Controllers with Transformers", Gupta et al, ICLR 2022
MetaMorph: Learning Universal Controllers with Transformers This is the code for the paper MetaMorph: Learning Universal Controllers with Transformers
Code for "Adversarial Motion Priors Make Good Substitutes for Complex Reward Functions"
Adversarial Motion Priors Make Good Substitutes for Complex Reward Functions Codebase for the "Adversarial Motion Priors Make Good Substitutes for Com
Code for our paper "Graph Pre-training for AMR Parsing and Generation" in ACL2022
AMRBART An implementation for ACL2022 paper "Graph Pre-training for AMR Parsing and Generation". You may find our paper here (Arxiv). Requirements pyt
This project contains the ClonedPerson dataset and code described in our paper "Cloning Outfits from Real-World Images to 3D Characters for Generalizable Person Re-Identification".
ClonedPerson This is the official repository for the ClonedPerson project, which contains the ClonedPerson dataset and code described in our paper "Cl
Everything you want about DP-Based Federated Learning, including Papers and Code. (Mechanism: Laplace or Gaussian, Dataset: femnist, shakespeare, mnist, cifar-10 and fashion-mnist. )
Differential Privacy (DP) Based Federated Learning (FL) Everything about DP-based FL you need is here. (所有你需要的DP-based FL的信息都在这里) Code Tip: the code o
PyTorch implementations of the paper: "DR.VIC: Decomposition and Reasoning for Video Individual Counting, CVPR, 2022"
DRNet for Video Indvidual Counting (CVPR 2022) Introduction This is the official PyTorch implementation of paper: DR.VIC: Decomposition and Reasoning
Code for "R-GCN: The R Could Stand for Random"
RR-GCN: Random Relational Graph Convolutional Networks PyTorch Geometric code for the paper "R-GCN: The R Could Stand for Random" RR-GCN is an extensi
ACL22 paper: Imputing Out-of-Vocabulary Embeddings with LOVE Makes Language Models Robust with Little Cost
Imputing Out-of-Vocabulary Embeddings with LOVE Makes Language Models Robust with Little Cost LOVE is accpeted by ACL22 main conference as a long pape
Code for "Parallel Instance Query Network for Named Entity Recognition", accepted at ACL 2022.
README Code for Two-stage Identifier: "Parallel Instance Query Network for Named Entity Recognition", accepted at ACL 2022. For details of the model a
Official code for "Bridging Video-text Retrieval with Multiple Choice Questions", CVPR 2022 (Oral).
Bridging Video-text Retrieval with Multiple Choice Questions, CVPR 2022 (Oral) Paper | Project Page | Pre-trained Model | CLIP-Initialized Pre-trained
Code for our CVPR 2022 Paper "GEN-VLKT: Simplify Association and Enhance Interaction Understanding for HOI Detection"
GEN-VLKT Code for our CVPR 2022 paper "GEN-VLKT: Simplify Association and Enhance Interaction Understanding for HOI Detection". Contributed by Yue Lia
The official codes of our CVPR2022 paper: A Differentiable Two-stage Alignment Scheme for Burst Image Reconstruction with Large Shift
TwoStageAlign The official codes of our CVPR2022 paper: A Differentiable Two-stage Alignment Scheme for Burst Image Reconstruction with Large Shift Pa
Code and data for ImageCoDe, a contextual vison-and-language benchmark
ImageCoDe This repository contains code and data for ImageCoDe: Image Retrieval from Contextual Descriptions. Data All collected descriptions for the
This is the formal code implementation of the CVPR 2022 paper 'Federated Class Incremental Learning'.
Official Pytorch Implementation for GLFC [CVPR-2022] Federated Class-Incremental Learning This is the official implementation code of our paper "Feder
Official Implementation of CVPR 2022 paper: "Mimicking the Oracle: An Initial Phase Decorrelation Approach for Class Incremental Learning"
(CVPR 2022) Mimicking the Oracle: An Initial Phase Decorrelation Approach for Class Incremental Learning ArXiv This repo contains Official Implementat
CVPR2022 paper "Dense Learning based Semi-Supervised Object Detection"
[CVPR2022] DSL: Dense Learning based Semi-Supervised Object Detection DSL is the first work on Anchor-Free detector for Semi-Supervised Object Detecti
PyTorch code for the paper "Complementarity is the King: Multi-modal and Multi-grained Hierarchical Semantic Enhancement Network for Cross-modal Retrieval".
Complementarity is the King: Multi-modal and Multi-grained Hierarchical Semantic Enhancement Network for Cross-modal Retrieval (M2HSE) PyTorch code fo
Source code for paper "ATP: AMRize Than Parse! Enhancing AMR Parsing with PseudoAMRs" @NAACL-2022
ATP: AMRize Then Parse! Enhancing AMR Parsing with PseudoAMRs Hi this is the source code of our paper "ATP: AMRize Then Parse! Enhancing AMR Parsing w
Code for "Modeling Indirect Illumination for Inverse Rendering", CVPR 2022
Modeling Indirect Illumination for Inverse Rendering Project Page | Paper | Data Preparation Set up the python environment conda create -n invrender p
Opinionated code formatter, just like Python's black code formatter but for Beancount
beancount-black Opinionated code formatter, just like Python's black code formatter but for Beancount Try it out online here Features MIT licensed - b
Contains code for Deep Kernelized Dense Geometric Matching
DKM - Deep Kernelized Dense Geometric Matching Contains code for Deep Kernelized Dense Geometric Matching We provide pretrained models and code for ev
Code for the SIGIR 2022 paper "Hybrid Transformer with Multi-level Fusion for Multimodal Knowledge Graph Completion"
MKGFormer Code for the SIGIR 2022 paper "Hybrid Transformer with Multi-level Fusion for Multimodal Knowledge Graph Completion" Model Architecture Illu
SIGIR'22 paper: Axiomatically Regularized Pre-training for Ad hoc Search
Introduction This codebase contains source-code of the Python-based implementation (ARES) of our SIGIR 2022 paper. Chen, Jia, et al. "Axiomatically Re
Code for "Share With Thy Neighbors: Single-View Reconstruction by Cross-Instance Consistency" paper
UNICORN 🦄 Webpage | Paper | BibTex PyTorch implementation of "Share With Thy Neighbors: Single-View Reconstruction by Cross-Instance Consistency" pap
Implementation of the GVP-Transformer, which was used in the paper "Learning inverse folding from millions of predicted structures" for de novo protein design alongside Alphafold2
GVP Transformer (wip) Implementation of the GVP-Transformer, which was used in the paper Learning inverse folding from millions of predicted structure
An end-to-end Python-based Infrastructure as Code framework for network automation and orchestration.
Nectl An end-to-end Python-based Infrastructure as Code framework for network automation and orchestration. Features Data modelling and validation. Da
Pytorch implementation of paper: "NeurMiPs: Neural Mixture of Planar Experts for View Synthesis"
NeurMips: Neural Mixture of Planar Experts for View Synthesis This is the official repo for PyTorch implementation of paper "NeurMips: Neural Mixture
Code for the Findings of NAACL 2022(Long Paper): AdapterBias: Parameter-efficient Token-dependent Representation Shift for Adapters in NLP Tasks
AdapterBias: Parameter-efficient Token-dependent Representation Shift for Adapters in NLP Tasks arXiv link: upcoming To be published in Findings of NA
Source code for "A Two-Stream AMR-enhanced Model for Document-level Event Argument Extraction" @ NAACL 2022
TSAR Source code for NAACL 2022 paper: A Two-Stream AMR-enhanced Model for Document-level Event Argument Extraction. 🔥 Introduction We focus on extra
code for paper"A High-precision Semantic Segmentation Method Combining Adversarial Learning and Attention Mechanism"
PyTorch implementation of UAGAN(U-net Attention Generative Adversarial Networks) This repository contains the source code for the paper "A High-precis
The code is for the paper "A Self-Distillation Embedded Supervised Affinity Attention Model for Few-Shot Segmentation"
SD-AANet The code is for the paper "A Self-Distillation Embedded Supervised Affinity Attention Model for Few-Shot Segmentation" [arxiv] Overview confi
Sound-guided Semantic Image Manipulation - Official Pytorch Code (CVPR 2022)
🔉 Sound-guided Semantic Image Manipulation (CVPR2022) Official Pytorch Implementation Sound-guided Semantic Image Manipulation IEEE/CVF Conference on
Official codebase for ICLR oral paper Unsupervised Vision-Language Grammar Induction with Shared Structure Modeling
CLIORA This is the official codebase for ICLR oral paper: Unsupervised Vision-Language Grammar Induction with Shared Structure Modeling. We introduce
PyTorch reimplementation of the Smooth ReLU activation function proposed in the paper "Real World Large Scale Recommendation Systems Reproducibility and Smooth Activations" [arXiv 2022].
Smooth ReLU in PyTorch Unofficial PyTorch reimplementation of the Smooth ReLU (SmeLU) activation function proposed in the paper Real World Large Scale
The official code of LM-Debugger, an interactive tool for inspection and intervention in transformer-based language models.
LM-Debugger is an open-source interactive tool for inspection and intervention in transformer-based language models. This repository includes the code
This is the official implementation code repository of Underwater Light Field Retention : Neural Rendering for Underwater Imaging (Accepted by CVPR Workshop2022 NTIRE)
Underwater Light Field Retention : Neural Rendering for Underwater Imaging (UWNR) (Accepted by CVPR Workshop2022 NTIRE) Authors: Tian Ye†, Sixiang Che
Codes for SIGIR'22 Paper 'On-Device Next-Item Recommendation with Self-Supervised Knowledge Distillation'
OD-Rec Codes for SIGIR'22 Paper 'On-Device Next-Item Recommendation with Self-Supervised Knowledge Distillation' Paper, saved teacher models and Andro
🏃 Python3 Solutions of All Problems in GCJ 2022 (In Progress)
GoogleCodeJam 2022 Python3 solutions of Google Code Jam 2022. Solution begins with * means it will get TLE in the largest data set. Total computation
One-line your code easily but still with the fun of doing so!
One-liner-iser One-line your code easily but still with the fun of doing so! Have YOU ever wanted to write one-line Python code, but don't have the sa
The repo for the paper "I3CL: Intra- and Inter-Instance Collaborative Learning for Arbitrary-shaped Scene Text Detection".
I3CL: Intra- and Inter-Instance Collaborative Learning for Arbitrary-shaped Scene Text Detection Updates | Introduction | Results | Usage | Citation |
code for paper"3D reconstruction method based on a generative model in continuous latent space"
PyTorch implementation of 3D-VGT(3D-VAE-GAN-Transformer) This repository contains the source code for the paper "3D reconstruction method based on a g
It's a simple script to generate a mush on code forces, the script will accept the public problem urls only or polygon problems.
Codeforces-Sheet-Generator It's a simple script to generate a mushup on code forces, the script will accept the public problem urls only or polygon pr
Code for our SIGIR 2022 accepted paper : P3 Ranker: Mitigating the Gaps between Pre-training and Ranking Fine-tuning with Prompt-based Learning and Pre-finetuning
P3 Ranker Implementation for our SIGIR2022 accepted paper: P3 Ranker: Mitigating the Gaps between Pre-training and Ranking Fine-tuning with Prompt-bas
Official public repository of paper "Intention Adaptive Graph Neural Network for Category-Aware Session-Based Recommendation"
Intention Adaptive Graph Neural Network (IAGNN) This is the official repository of paper Intention Adaptive Graph Neural Network for Category-Aware Se
Official pytorch code for "APP: Anytime Progressive Pruning"
APP: Anytime Progressive Pruning Diganta Misra1,2,3, Bharat Runwal2,4, Tianlong Chen5, Zhangyang Wang5, Irina Rish1,3 1 Mila - Quebec AI Institute,2 L
Implementation of the Hybrid Perception Block and Dual-Pruned Self-Attention block from the ITTR paper for Image to Image Translation using Transformers
ITTR - Pytorch Implementation of the Hybrid Perception Block (HPB) and Dual-Pruned Self-Attention (DPSA) block from the ITTR paper for Image to Image
Source code of our TTH paper: Targeted Trojan-Horse Attacks on Language-based Image Retrieval.
Targeted Trojan-Horse Attacks on Language-based Image Retrieval Source code of our TTH paper: Targeted Trojan-Horse Attacks on Language-based Image Re
This repository contains the data and code for the paper "Diverse Text Generation via Variational Encoder-Decoder Models with Gaussian Process Priors" (SPNLP@ACL2022)
GP-VAE This repository provides datasets and code for preprocessing, training and testing models for the paper: Diverse Text Generation via Variationa
Official repository of the paper Privacy-friendly Synthetic Data for the Development of Face Morphing Attack Detectors
SMDD-Synthetic-Face-Morphing-Attack-Detection-Development-dataset Official repository of the paper Privacy-friendly Synthetic Data for the Development
My implementation of Safaricom Machine Learning Codility test. The code has bugs, logical I guess I made errors and any correction will be appreciated.
Safaricom_Codility Machine Learning 2022 The test entails two questions. Question 1 was on Machine Learning. Question 2 was on SQL I ran out of time.
Patch-Diffusion Code (AAAI2022)
Patch-Diffusion This is an official PyTorch implementation of "Patch Diffusion: A General Module for Face Manipulation Detection" in AAAI2022. Require
Implementaion of our ACL 2022 paper Bridging the Data Gap between Training and Inference for Unsupervised Neural Machine Translation
Bridging the Data Gap between Training and Inference for Unsupervised Neural Machine Translation This is the implementaion of our paper: Bridging the
Code for the CVPR2022 paper "Frequency-driven Imperceptible Adversarial Attack on Semantic Similarity"
Introduction This is an official release of the paper "Frequency-driven Imperceptible Adversarial Attack on Semantic Similarity" (arxiv link). Abstrac
Code for ACL 2022 main conference paper "STEMM: Self-learning with Speech-text Manifold Mixup for Speech Translation".
STEMM: Self-learning with Speech-Text Manifold Mixup for Speech Translation This is a PyTorch implementation for the ACL 2022 main conference paper ST
[CVPR 2022] Official code for the paper: "A Stitch in Time Saves Nine: A Train-Time Regularizing Loss for Improved Neural Network Calibration"
MDCA Calibration This is the official PyTorch implementation for the paper: "A Stitch in Time Saves Nine: A Train-Time Regularizing Loss for Improved
My personal code and solution to the Synacor Challenge from 2012 OSCON.
Synacor OSCON Challenge Solution (2012) This repository contains my code and solution to solve the Synacor OSCON 2012 Challenge. If you are interested
This is an official implementation of the CVPR2022 paper "Blind2Unblind: Self-Supervised Image Denoising with Visible Blind Spots".
Blind2Unblind: Self-Supervised Image Denoising with Visible Blind Spots Blind2Unblind Citing Blind2Unblind @inproceedings{wang2022blind2unblind, tit
Code base for "On-the-Fly Test-time Adaptation for Medical Image Segmentation"
On-the-Fly Adaptation Official Pytorch Code base for On-the-Fly Test-time Adaptation for Medical Image Segmentation Paper Introduction One major probl
code for the ICLR'22 paper: On Robust Prefix-Tuning for Text Classification
On Robust Prefix-Tuning for Text Classification Prefix-tuning has drawed much attention as it is a parameter-efficient and modular alternative to adap
This repository contains the code and models necessary to replicate the results of paper: How to Robustify Black-Box ML Models? A Zeroth-Order Optimization Perspective
Black-Box-Defense This repository contains the code and models necessary to replicate the results of our recent paper: How to Robustify Black-Box ML M
Code for the Open Data Day 2022 publicbodies.org Nepal data scraping activities.
Open Data Day Publicbodies.org Nepal We've gathered on Saturday, 5th March 2022 with Open Knowledge Nepal in order to try and automate the collection
Implementation of a memory efficient multi-head attention as proposed in the paper, "Self-attention Does Not Need O(n²) Memory"
Memory Efficient Attention Pytorch Implementation of a memory efficient multi-head attention as proposed in the paper, Self-attention Does Not Need O(
Code for CVPR 2022 paper "SoftGroup for Instance Segmentation on 3D Point Clouds"
SoftGroup We provide code for reproducing results of the paper SoftGroup for 3D Instance Segmentation on Point Clouds (CVPR 2022) Author: Thang Vu, Ko
Spring Cloud Gateway 3.0.7 & 3.1.1 Code Injection (RCE)
Spring Cloud Gateway 3.0.7 & 3.1.1 Code Injection (RCE) CVE: CVE-2022-22947 CVSS: 10.0 (Vmware - https://tanzu.vmware.com/security/cve-2022-22947)
Code for "Continuous-Time Meta-Learning with Forward Mode Differentiation" (ICLR 2022)
Continuous-Time Meta-Learning with Forward Mode Differentiation ICLR 2022 (Spotlight) - Installation - Example - Citation This repository contains the
graphical orbitational simulation of solar system planets with real values and physics implemented so you get a nice elliptical orbits. you can change timestamp value or scale from source code idc.
solarSystemOrbitalSimulation graphical orbitational simulation of solar system planets with real values and physics implemented so you get a nice elli
This repository contains the code and models necessary to replicate the results of paper: How to Robustify Black-Box ML Models? A Zeroth-Order Optimization Perspective
Black-Box-Defense This repository contains the code and models necessary to replicate the results of our recent paper: How to Robustify Black-Box ML M
Code for Findings of ACL 2022 Paper "Sentiment Word Aware Multimodal Refinement for Multimodal Sentiment Analysis with ASR Errors"
SWRM Code for Findings of ACL 2022 Paper "Sentiment Word Aware Multimodal Refinement for Multimodal Sentiment Analysis with ASR Errors" Clone Clone th
(ACL 2022) The source code for the paper "Towards Abstractive Grounded Summarization of Podcast Transcripts"
Towards Abstractive Grounded Summarization of Podcast Transcripts We provide the source code for the paper "Towards Abstractive Grounded Summarization
The code for CVPR2022 paper "Likert Scoring with Grade Decoupling for Long-term Action Assessment".
Likert Scoring with Grade Decoupling for Long-term Action Assessment This is the code for CVPR2022 paper "Likert Scoring with Grade Decoupling for Lon
Codes for AAAI22 paper "Learning to Solve Travelling Salesman Problem with Hardness-Adaptive Curriculum"
Paper For more details, please see our paper Learning to Solve Travelling Salesman Problem with Hardness-Adaptive Curriculum which has been accepted a
Official code for HH-VAEM
HH-VAEM This repository contains the official Pytorch implementation of the Hierarchical Hamiltonian VAE for Mixed-type Data (HH-VAEM) model and the s
Learning the Beauty in Songs: Neural Singing Voice Beautifier; ACL 2022 (Main conference); Official code
Learning the Beauty in Songs: Neural Singing Voice Beautifier Jinglin Liu, Chengxi Li, Yi Ren, Zhiying Zhu, Zhou Zhao Zhejiang University ACL 2022 Mai
Code for One-shot Talking Face Generation from Single-speaker Audio-Visual Correlation Learning (AAAI 2022)
One-shot Talking Face Generation from Single-speaker Audio-Visual Correlation Learning (AAAI 2022) Paper | Demo Requirements Python = 3.6 , Pytorch
PDX Code Guild Full Stack Python Bootcamp starting 2022/02/28
Class Liger Rough Timeline Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4: Python Weeks 5, 6, 7, 8: HTML/CSS/Flask Weeks 9, 10, 11: Javascript Weeks 12, 13, 14, 15: Django Weeks 16
Repo for WWW 2022 paper: Progressively Optimized Bi-Granular Document Representation for Scalable Embedding Based Retrieval
BiDR Repo for WWW 2022 paper: Progressively Optimized Bi-Granular Document Representation for Scalable Embedding Based Retrieval. Requirements torch==
Tensorflow 1.13.X implementation for our NN paper: Wei Xia, Sen Wang, Ming Yang, Quanxue Gao, Jungong Han, Xinbo Gao: Multi-view graph embedding clustering network: Joint self-supervision and block diagonal representation. Neural Networks 145: 1-9 (2022)
Multi-view graph embedding clustering network: Joint self-supervision and block diagonal representation Simple implementation of our paper MVGC. The d
source code for 'Finding Valid Adjustments under Non-ignorability with Minimal DAG Knowledge' by A. Shah, K. Shanmugam, K. Ahuja
Source code for "Finding Valid Adjustments under Non-ignorability with Minimal DAG Knowledge" Reference: Abhin Shah, Karthikeyan Shanmugam, Kartik Ahu
2022-bridge - Example code belonging to the Bridge pattern video
Let's Take The Bridge Pattern To The Next Level This video covers how the bridge
Nsdf: A mesh SDF with just some code we can directly paste into our raymarcher
nsdf Representing SDFs of arbitrary meshes has been a bit tricky so far. Express
ReLoss - Official implementation for paper "Relational Surrogate Loss Learning" ICLR 2022
Relational Surrogate Loss Learning (ReLoss) Official implementation for paper "R
PBN Obfuscator: A overpowered obfuscator for python, which will help you protect your source code
PBN Obfuscator PBN Obfuscator is a overpowered obfuscator for python, which will
Super-Fast-Adversarial-Training - A PyTorch Implementation code for developing super fast adversarial training
Super-Fast-Adversarial-Training This is a PyTorch Implementation code for develo
Static-test - A playground to play with ideas related to testing the comparability of the code
Static test playground ⚠️ The code is just an experiment. Compiles and runs on U
QR-Code-Grabber - A python script that allows a person to create a qr code token grabber
Qr Code Grabber Description Un script python qui permet a une personne de creer
Py-instant-search-redis - Source code example for how to build an instant search with redis in python
py-instant-search-redis Source code example for how to build an instant search (
Python code for ICLR 2022 spotlight paper EViT: Expediting Vision Transformers via Token Reorganizations
Expediting Vision Transformers via Token Reorganizations This repository contain
HashNeRF-pytorch - Pure PyTorch Implementation of NVIDIA paper on Instant Training of Neural Graphics primitives
HashNeRF-pytorch Instant-NGP recently introduced a Multi-resolution Hash Encodin
MicroStealer - A compact Discord Token Logger/Discord Token Grabber made in only 15 lines of code! Injects into discord for long-term use
💾 MicroStealer ⚡ A compact Discord Token Logger/Discord Token Grabber made in o
SUPERVISED-CONTRASTIVE-LEARNING-FOR-PRE-TRAINED-LANGUAGE-MODEL-FINE-TUNING - The Facebook paper about fine tuning RoBERTa with contrastive loss
"# SUPERVISED-CONTRASTIVE-LEARNING-FOR-PRE-TRAINED-LANGUAGE-MODEL-FINE-TUNING" i
GEA - Code for Guided Evolution for Neural Architecture Search
Efficient Guided Evolution for Neural Architecture Search Usage Create a conda e
Official code release for: EditGAN: High-Precision Semantic Image Editing
Official code release for: EditGAN: High-Precision Semantic Image Editing
Python-Kite: Simple python code to make kite pattern
Python-Kite Simple python code to make kite pattern. Getting Started These instr
Source code to accompany Defunctland's video "FASTPASS: A Complicated Legacy"
Shapeland Simulator Source code to accompany Defunctland's video "FASTPASS: A Complicated Legacy" Download the video at https://www.youtube.com/watch?
This is the code repository for LRM Stochastic watershed model.
LRM-Squannacook Input data for generating stochastic streamflows are observed and simulated timeseries of streamflow. their format needs to be CSV wit
The LaTeX and Python code for generating the paper, experiments' results and visualizations reported in each paper is available (whenever possible) in the paper's directory
This repository contains the software implementation of most algorithms used or developed in my research. The LaTeX and Python code for generating the